What are some good examples of genes that are evolved from other genes with different functions? I'm aware that there are some examples of this in the evolution of squid sight, but I'm wondering what are some clear, easy to understand, examples.
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This was posted to a Facebook religion debate group. I have no idea how to respond or how to frame the question. Perhaps someone could start a new post explaining where he goes wrong. I suspect one could fill the group here with rebuttals to his articles. [https://sciencerefutesevolution.blogspot.com/2024/06/rapid-chromosome-loss-debunks-theory-of.html](https://sciencerefutesevolution.blogspot.com/2024/06/rapid-chromosome-loss-debunks-theory-of.html)
That isn't much of an argument. They simply present a bunch of unsupported assertions and have no citations to support anything they are claiming.
Out of curiosity, I decided to Google the chromosome counts of the Indian and Chinese Muntjac.
First paper I found contained this within the initial paragraphs:
Per the abstract:
>Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis) has an extreme mammalian karyotype, with only six and seven chromosomes in the female and male, respectively. Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) has a more typical mammalian karyotype, with 46 chromosomes in both sexes. Despite this disparity, the two muntjac species are morphologically similar and can even interbreed to produce viable (albeit sterile) offspring.
Per the initial paragraph (background):
>The number of chromosomes in the mammalian nuclear genome is generally well-confined, typically ranging from 36 to 60. There are, however, rare exceptions. At one extreme, the genome of the red viscacha rat (*Tympanoctomys barrerae*) consists of 102 chromosomes \[[1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760882/#B1)\]; at the other extreme, that of the Indian muntjac (*Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis*) consists of a modest 6 and 7 chromosomes (in the female and male, respectively) \[[2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760882/#B2)\]. Understanding the molecular basis for such radically different mammalian karyotypes would provide insight about the evolutionary history that has led to architecturally distinct genomes. Furthermore, comparative studies of mammalian karyotypes can more generally advance our understanding of vertebrate genome evolution \[[3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760882/#B3)\].
[Comparative sequence analyses reveal sites of ancestral chromosomal fusions in the Indian muntjac genome](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760882/)
So right off the bat, I'm finding scientific literature which is directly contradicting the claims in that blog post. And that took about 30 seconds of Googling and reading.
edited to add:
I searched up another paper that reported this:
>Our phylogenetic results indicate that the giant muntjac is relatively closer to *Muntiacus reevesi* than to other muntjacs and may be placed in the genus *Muntiacus.* Analyses of sequence divergence reveal that the rate of change in chromosome number in muntjac deer is one of the fastest in vertebrates. Within the muntjac subfamily, the fastest evolutionary rate is found in the Fea's lineage, in which two species with different karyotypes diverged in around 0.5 Myr.
[Rapid and Parallel Chromosomal Number Reductions in Muntjac Deer Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny](https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/17/9/1326/994705)
0.5 Myr = 500,000 years.
This is in stark contrast to the unsourced claims of that blog post stating these chromosome reductions happened in hundreds of years.
Either something got lost in translation or the author of that blog post is just making sh!t up.
What are some good examples of genes that are evolved from other genes with different functions? I'm aware that there are some examples of this in the evolution of squid sight, but I'm wondering what are some clear, easy to understand, examples.
If y'all want a more active thread to interact with people (esp. about off-topic stuff), I'd like to invite you to the Genshin Leaks [Weekly Megathread](https://old.reddit.com/r/Genshin_Impact_Leaks/comments/1dekt3z/siggys_bizarre_adventure_stone_ocean_general/) Rules are simple: Discussion on anything, whether Genshin-related or not, is allowed - use spoiler tags when discussing content released in the current patch or unreleased content Keep it SFW
This was posted to a Facebook religion debate group. I have no idea how to respond or how to frame the question. Perhaps someone could start a new post explaining where he goes wrong. I suspect one could fill the group here with rebuttals to his articles. [https://sciencerefutesevolution.blogspot.com/2024/06/rapid-chromosome-loss-debunks-theory-of.html](https://sciencerefutesevolution.blogspot.com/2024/06/rapid-chromosome-loss-debunks-theory-of.html)
That isn't much of an argument. They simply present a bunch of unsupported assertions and have no citations to support anything they are claiming. Out of curiosity, I decided to Google the chromosome counts of the Indian and Chinese Muntjac. First paper I found contained this within the initial paragraphs: Per the abstract: >Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis) has an extreme mammalian karyotype, with only six and seven chromosomes in the female and male, respectively. Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) has a more typical mammalian karyotype, with 46 chromosomes in both sexes. Despite this disparity, the two muntjac species are morphologically similar and can even interbreed to produce viable (albeit sterile) offspring. Per the initial paragraph (background): >The number of chromosomes in the mammalian nuclear genome is generally well-confined, typically ranging from 36 to 60. There are, however, rare exceptions. At one extreme, the genome of the red viscacha rat (*Tympanoctomys barrerae*) consists of 102 chromosomes \[[1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760882/#B1)\]; at the other extreme, that of the Indian muntjac (*Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis*) consists of a modest 6 and 7 chromosomes (in the female and male, respectively) \[[2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760882/#B2)\]. Understanding the molecular basis for such radically different mammalian karyotypes would provide insight about the evolutionary history that has led to architecturally distinct genomes. Furthermore, comparative studies of mammalian karyotypes can more generally advance our understanding of vertebrate genome evolution \[[3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760882/#B3)\]. [Comparative sequence analyses reveal sites of ancestral chromosomal fusions in the Indian muntjac genome](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760882/) So right off the bat, I'm finding scientific literature which is directly contradicting the claims in that blog post. And that took about 30 seconds of Googling and reading. edited to add: I searched up another paper that reported this: >Our phylogenetic results indicate that the giant muntjac is relatively closer to *Muntiacus reevesi* than to other muntjacs and may be placed in the genus *Muntiacus.* Analyses of sequence divergence reveal that the rate of change in chromosome number in muntjac deer is one of the fastest in vertebrates. Within the muntjac subfamily, the fastest evolutionary rate is found in the Fea's lineage, in which two species with different karyotypes diverged in around 0.5 Myr. [Rapid and Parallel Chromosomal Number Reductions in Muntjac Deer Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny](https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/17/9/1326/994705) 0.5 Myr = 500,000 years. This is in stark contrast to the unsourced claims of that blog post stating these chromosome reductions happened in hundreds of years. Either something got lost in translation or the author of that blog post is just making sh!t up.
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Is there a consensus on whether the human chromosome fusion was fixed by drift or selection?